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Limestone is a rock composed mainly of Calcium Carbonate present in a finely divided non-crytalline state as in amorphous limestone or as crystallised grains of mineral calcite as in Crystallize limestone. Limestone often contains some Magnesium Carbonate, either as dolomite CaMg (CO₂), or magnesite (MgCO3) mixed with Calcite. They are then termed 'dolomitic' or 'magnesium' limestone and they contain 10 to 40% MgCO,. Limestone altered by dynamic or contact metamorphism become coarsely crystalline and are refered as 'marbles' and 'crystalline limestone'.

Lignite is a type of coal, which forms due to accumulations of carbonaceous material derived from vegetation undergone to a process of compaction and slight heating during burial. In general a series of stages under the process of coalification it forms.

Fluorite is a vein mineral, found also in pneumatolytic and pegmatitic deposits, also known as fluorspar. The common name for mineral containing calcium Fluoride (CaF,). It is an imortant commercial source of fluorine. Also imortant in the manufacture of aluminium, gasoline, insulating forms, refrigerants, steel and uranium fuel. Mainly two grades of fluor-spar are involved in consumption and trade, namely: the acid grade which certain more than 97% Caf, and the sub acid grade which has 97% or less Caf,. The sub acid grade includes metallurgical and ceramic grades. It is however commonly known as metallurgical grade.

Fireclay is a term used for clays that endure high temperatures of 1500° C or more, without any change other than dehydration. In general, refractory clays are known as fireclays. Fire clays are so called because owing to allow content of alkalies and other fluxes i.e. iron and Magnesia and become refractory then can be used as fireclays.

Brine water is a saline water from which different types of salts can be obtained. It may be a sea brine, subsoil brine or lake brine. On evaporation of such brines NaCl, MgCl₂, CaSO, KCI, K₂SO₄, Bromine and other mixed salts can be achieved.

Calcite is a carbonate of calcium (CaCO3) containing 56% CaO and 44% CO. It is one of the important industrial minerals also known as 'Calc Spar'. The pure crystallised transparent variety of Calcite is known as 'Iceland Spar which is used in optical instruments using polarised light.

Building stones are important construction materials for civil engineering works like roads, bridges, dams, canals buildings, water supply and drainage ports etc. The economy of construction works brings on the use of the locally available materials. In general it can be defined as a stone of any kind of rocks occurred in the nature, which finds its use suitable for the construction work.

The Mineral was named after Attapulgus, Ga, the source of the first sample studied in 1935, by the lapparent. It is also known as 'Polygorskete', α distinct clay mineral with a unique chain structure that gives it unusual colloidal and sorptive.

The term chalk is applied to the very fine grained pure white limestone. However, the term is occasionally used to designate the similar fine grained limestones which are not startigraphically same as in Western Europe. Good quality of chalk is concentrated around Adityana in Porbandar district. It is very interesting to note its occurrence i.e. usually occurs in between two limestone

China clay is an important raw material of ceramic industry. In consists of partly crystalline and partly amorphous mineral of Kaoline group. So it can also be called as Kaolinite. Kaolinite is derived from Kaoline which is a corruption of the Chinese kauling meaning high ridge. In short china clay is the deposits of kaoline produced by hydrothermal decomposition or weathering of felspar. It is relatively a pure clay consisting of predominently the mineral, Kaolinite (Al₂O, 2H₂O) and associated with other clay. Minerals like dickite, halloysite, nacrite and anauxite, Kaolin is commercially valued for its whiteness and fine particle size. It often contains small amounts of impurities in the form of rock fragments, hydrous oxides and colloidal materials. china clay finds uses mainly in cement industry and of processed china clay in ceramic industry.

The name dolomite has been given in honour of the French chemist, Dolomieu (1750-1801). Dolomite is an important natural resources used in many industries. It occurs as a rock and shows valuable composition, being a mixture of lime and magnesia. Dolomite (CaCO 3' MgCO₂) theoretically contains CaCO, 54.35% and MgCO, 45.65% (CaO 30.4%, MgO 21.9%) and C*O_{2} * 47.7% However in nature this exact proportion dolomite is not available. Hencecommercial parlance, the rock containing 40-45% MgCO3 is usually called dolomite.

Graphite is one of the important industrial mineral. Graphite, is also known as plumbago or black lead, is a variety of naturally occuring carbon. It crystallizes in a lamellar hexagonal system, has grey to black metallic lustre and is greasy to feel. Natural graphite normally contains various impurities. Low grade graphitic material can be upgraded generally by forth floatation process to produce concentrates containing the desired carbon content, to meet the requirements of different industries. Synthetic or artificial graphite is manufactured on a large scale in electric furnaces, using anthracite or petroleum coke as raw feed.

Feldspar are one of the most abundant-rock-forming minerals in the earth's crust, comprising a complex of varieties. The term Feldspar designates a group of minerals that have a general similarity in physical and chemical properties. The Feldspars are indeed so much alike in appearance and general properties that they cannot be told apart megascopically except in specially favourable circumstances

Manganese ore is important in an industrial economy as manganese in alloy forms is an essential input in steel making. Manganese ore is Pyrolusite (MnO, Mn 63.2%), Psilomelane (Manganese oxide of uncertain composition, containing water and varying amounts of oxides of Ba, K and Na, Μη commonly 45-60%), Brunette (3 Mn₂O₃, MnSiO3, Mn about 62% and SiO, about 10%) and Manganite (Mn₂O₃, H₂O, Mn 62.4%) minerals. It also occurs in the form of lenses and as veins and also found in the form of kidney shape.After obtaining Mn ore by scientific mining, it was exported abroad.

Marble is a crystalline granular rock composed of calcite grains and has an importance of decorative purpose. Marble is the metamorphic equivalent of limestone and dolomite.